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Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric
syndrome wherein the cluster of psychomotor signs and symptoms effects in
aberrations of movement and behavior. New standards for mood problems with
catatonic capabilities, and for catatonic disorder secondary to a basic medical
circumstance. Catatonia is identified as due to a medical or psychiatric
circumstance, or as unspecified, in recurrent idiopathic catatonia. Mood
problems together with MDD and bipolar disease are now recognized as more
generally related to catatonia.
Three subtypes of catatonia are:
- Stuporous,
- Excited,
- Malignant.
Stuporous catatonia:
Stuporous catatonia consists of motoric immobility,
staring, mutism, stress, withdrawal, and refusal to consume, along with the
extra bizarre capabilities like posturing, grimacing, negativism, waxy
flexibility, echo phenomena, stereotypy, verbigeration, and automatic obedience.
This catatonia is also known as Catatonic withdrawal.
Excited catatonia:
Excited catatonia is characterized by way of
purposeless and excessive motor activity that includes disorganized pressured
speech, the flight of ideas, verbigeration, disorientation and/or confusion,
and confabulation.
Malignant catatonia:
Catatonic symptoms of malignant subtype are followed
with the aid of fever and dysautonomia. Malignant catatonia is related to the
rise of morbidity and mortality. A clinical example of malignant catatonia is
neuroleptic malignant syndrome, induced by dopamine-blockading marketers or
withdrawal of a dopamine or gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) agonist.
The other variant referred to as manic delirium or
delirious mania exists with features of both excited and malignant catatonia. Periodic
catatonia is present both in alternating stuporous and excited forms. The
prevalence of catatonia amongst psychiatric patients is between 7.6% to 38%.
Diagnosis:
Catatonia as a syndrome can also be caused from more
than one etiologies and can cause clinical complications that bring about large
morbidity and mortality, making rapid diagnosis and treatment a priority. Medical
complications abound, and the rate of mortality for malignant catatonia in
spite of higher recognition and treatment remains 9% to 10%.